English n Grammar

SINGULAR N PLURAL

In english, the plural is often formed by adding “s” to the singular form.

Examples:

Singular	Plural
lesson book car …	lessons books cars …

But there are cases where we add more than “s”, for example:
For the words ending by Consonant+y, we substitute Y by IES.

Singular	Plural
City Cherry Lady …	cities cherries ladies …

For the words ending by X, CH or SH, we add ES.

Singular	Plural
Church Sandwich Box …	churches sanwiches boxes …

For the words ending by F or FE, we substitute F/FE by VES.

Singular	Plural
Thief Knife Wife …	thieves knives wives …

For the words ending by Consonant+O, we add ES.

Singular	Plural
Tomato Potato Volcano …	Tomatoes Potatoes Volcanoes …

In addition to these forms of plural, there are irregular forms:

Singular	Plural
Man Woman Mouse Foot Tooth Ox Child …	Men Women Mice Feet Teeth Oxen Children … In english there are two types of articles,definite articles and indefinite articles:

ARTICLES A AN AND THE

Indefinite articles are A and AN, we use them when the noun is unknown, when it’s not a specific object.
when the noun begins with a consonant we use a, and an when the noun begins with a vowel (a,e,i,o,u).
Examples:

I saw a movie last night.	a movie
The goal is scored by a player from that team.	a player
You eat an apple.	an apple
I am an English teacher.	an English

Definite articles: The is the definite article, we use it when we talk about an object that both the speaker and the listener know. it’s common for all the nouns.
Examples:

You see the picture on the wall, I bought it yesterday.	The wall
The goal is scored by Ronaldo.	The goal
The apple is delicious.	The apple

In some cases we don’t use any article, we talk about The article zero. for more details see the lesson:Article zero!

PREPOSITIONS===============>>>>>>>>

Prepositions are words that are usually followed by nouns
or pronouns. A noun or pronoun that comes after a preposition is called the object of the preposition.

Below there are some of the most common prepositions, their meanings and examples on each one of them

1- About a. On the subject of This is a story about elephants b. Approximately He is about ten years old   2- Above a. Higher than; over The plane flew above the clouds 3- Across a. From one side to the other We walked across the field b. On the other side of There is a store across the street 4- After a. Later in time after ten o’clock; after lunch b. In pursuit of The dog ran after the cat 5- Against a. In opposition to Theft is against the law b. Touching; supported by I leaned my bicycle against the wall 6- Along a. Following the length of We walked along the road 7- Among a. Within a group The money was shared among three people 8- Around a. Circling something We walked around the block b. Surrounding There is a fence around the garden c. In different parts of I looked around the house for the keys d. Approximately He is around six feet tall 9- At a. A specific location at 23 Chestnut Street; at the park b. A point in time at 5 o’clock; at night c. A condition at peace; at war; at rest d. An activity at work; at school; at play e. Towards Look at someone; wave at someone 10- Before a. Earlier in time before two o’clock; before Christmas b. Earlier in a series S comes before T in the alphabet 11- Behind a. At the back of The little girl hid behind her mother. b. Late I am behind in my work c. Cause; origin Who was behind that idea 12- Below a. Lower than; under below freezing; below sea level 13- Beneath Lower than; below beneath the earth 14- Beside Next to; at the side of I sit beside her in class 15- Besides Also; as well as We study other languages besides English 16- Between a. An intermediate location: Toronto lies between Montreal and Vancouver. b. An intermediate time between Christmas and New Year’s Day c. Intermediate in a series: B comes between A and C in the alphabet. d. Within a group of two: The money was shared between two people 17- Beyond a. Farther than The mountains lie beyond the horizon. b. Further than; exceeding That was beyond my expectations. 18- But Except: I have read all but the last chapter. 19- By a. Near a house by the sea b. Past He waved as he drove by the house. c. In units of cheaper by the dozen; sold by weight d. Through the means of travel by plane; written by him

1. Despite  : in spite of We walked downtown despite the rain.   2. Down To a lower position The ball rolled down the hill. 3. During Throughout a period She works during the day. 4. Except Not including I have visited everyone except him. 5. For 1 : Duration of time We walked for two hours. 2: Distance: I walked for five kilometers. 3: Purpose: I bought this jacket for you. 4:In favor of: We are for the proposal. 5: Considering: The boy is clever for his age. 6. From 1 Place of origin: We left from Boston; he comes from Mexico 2 Start of a period of time: from now on; from yesterday until today 3 Cause: He suffers from nervousness. 4 Source: I first heard the story from you. 7. In 1 Within a location: in the room; in London in the building 2 Within a certain time: I will return in an hour. 3 By means of: write in pencil; speak in English 8. Inside Within: They are inside the house. 9. Into 1 To the inside of: We stepped into the room. 2 Change of condition: The boy changed into a man. 10. Like )Resembling: That looks like him. 11. Near Close to: near the school; near the ocean 12. Of 1 the middle of the road ; the sound of music 2: Part of a group: one of us; a member of the team 3: Measurement: a cup of milk; two meters of snow 13. Off 1: Not on; away from: Please keep off the grass. 14. On 1 Touching the surface of: on the table; on the wall 2: A certain day: That happened on Sunday, on the 6th of June. 3: A certain street: on South Street 4: A state or condition: on strike; on fire; on holiday 5By means of: shown on television 15. Onto To a position on: The child climbed onto the table. 16. Opposite : Facing: The library is opposite the fire station. 17. Out of 1: To the outside of: She went out of the room. 2: From among: We won two games out of three. 3: Motive: We spoke to them out of politeness. 4: Beyond: out of control; out of danger 18. Outside On the outer side of: outside the house 19. Over : 1 Above; higher than: There are cupboards over the sink. 2: Covering: We spread an extra blanket over the bed. 3: More than: It cost over ten dollars; it took over an hour 4: During: I saw him several times over the past week.